Here i'm sharing my assignment of Mass comunication and media study : Mass Media and its importance.

Name : Dodiya Meghana j

Roll no : 11

Paper Name : Mass communication and media study.

Submitted to : Department of English.

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Meaning Of Mass Media:

                Mass media means technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. It is the primary means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the general public. 

         The most common platforms for mass media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet. The general public typically relies on the mass media to provide information regarding political issues, social issues, entertainment, and news in pop culture. 

 Importance of mass media:

           The mass media has evolved singingly over time. Have you ever wondered how the latest news and information was communicated in the past? Well, before there was the Internet, television, platform for mass media.  For a long period of time, the public relied on writers and journalists for the local newspapers to provide them with the latest news in current events.

        Centuries later, in the 1890’s, came the invention of the radio. The radio would soon supersede the newspaper as the most pertinent source for mass media. Families would gather around the radio and listen to their favourite radio station programs to hear the latest news regarding politics. Social issues, and entertainment.

            Later on down the line came the invention of the television the television. The television would soon replace the radio for most relevant from of a mass media and has become a major tool for news outlets. Since the evolution of the internet, the general public is outlets in an instant with just a click of a mouse, instead of having to wait for scheduled programs.

             Mass media is many different types of technologies that are meant to reach large audiences through communications. This type of media is one of the most used, mass media has become the main channel of communication that is used. This day and age most people rely on the news to be their source for voting and the everyday events.

                  Competition is also very important in mass media, because the people in charge of the different type of mass media are having to compete for the views, and the people to listen and or read. Publishing companies and television companies are two different types of mass media. 

                  These types of mass media keep people up to date with events all around the world. They also help show the norms and let people see how they are supposed to act, or in some cases, show people negative ways of acting.

                    Mass media is what controls print media. Many mass media has a lot of internet presence, because of blogging and email services and averting. These are many different, but in reality it is impossible to sum up all the reasons that it is important. This is because it is one of those “priceless” subjects, without mass media the world would not be the same because people wouldn't have access to the sources of information that they do because of it.

                                Television

                          

                    Media is one of the most useful essence of human life. We speak of mass media of media revolution and of living in a media society. We are overloaded with all these letters sounds and films, pixels, headlines, jingles. When we use the term media in this context we speak of print and electronic media, the so called mass media. Media affect our modern life in nearly every way. With a turn of a magazine page or an easy flip of the TV channel there at our disposal is a huge array of potential identity replicas. In contemporary society  identity of continuously unstable; it must be selected, constructed and created with reference to inevitable surrounding media traditions.

 

                            Magazines

             

                   There are a variety of medium from which people can pick and access information from such as radio, TV, Internet, or even cell phones. Consequently, the media holds a very powerful capacity to set a social issue for mass audience to assume and talk about. Often, media do not intentionally set the agenda and resolve the pros and cons of that particular matter, so it repeatedly causes terrible consequences towards public as well as establishes ‘moral panics’, which can sometimes direct to mob violence. This writing will argue that identity is a social construction, managed primarily by the contemporary media and created relation.

 

 

                An individual’s identity is formed by society in which media plays a predominant role. There is a daily interactive relationship between the subject and the object, that is, human agents and the conditions of their subsistence respectively. Theories of the individual emphasize on difference between people and deem these differences as natural. Individuals are “constituted” as the possessors of positions throughout the effects of social relations.

 

                                 Radio

               Alternatively, other theories of the topic concentrate on people’s general experiences in society through watching TV, surfing the internet or reading the newspaper. It is these general experiences that are the most significant way of distinguishing who we are.

               Media is the most powerful tool of communication. It helps promoting the right things on right time. It gives a real exposure to the mass audience about what is right or wrong. Even though media is linked with spreading fake news like a fire, but on the safe side, it helps a lot to inform us about the realities as well.

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Paper name : The New Literature
Topic : Use of Symbols science and art in The Da Vinci code

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Paper Name : The African Literature
Topic : Critical note on Waiting for Barbarian


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Paper Name : Mass Communication and mass media study
Topic : Types nOf Communication


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Here I'm Sharing my assignment of African Literature : Critical Analysis of all African poems.

Name : Dodiya Meghana j

Roll no : 11

Paper Name: The African Literature

Topic: Critical Analysis Of all African Poems

Email Id : mdodiya26@gmail.com

Submitted To : Department Of English

To Evaluate my assignment click here
 
Introduction:
 
         The African literature is mirror of African culture and heritage.  Here in these poems we found that all poems reflect their hatred towards civilizers. During this British emperor the African culture and heritage is totally ruined. All poems talks about situation of African people, who are wavering between two culture, British culture and African culture. Also deals with the human psychology and impact of civilization on the lifestyle of African people. How happy they are before Bruisers are came. Colonizer also laughs on African culture and rituals.      

1)         ‘Once Upon A Time’  

        Once upon a time written by Gabriel Okara.Who is a Nigerian poet.He Often explain what happens when aa traditional African cullture needs the forces of the western culturre.
       The poem tells of the conversation between what seems to be a father and son when father wants to learn from his son how to go tto back to normality.
      There are no other voice in the poem.
        "Past According to the poet is better than the present".

      Father - First person
      Son    - seccond person
     society - third person
   
Themes :
  # Mannerism- Behaviourism 
  # Hiving Illusion
  # Artificiality
  # Process of learning

            " They laugh with their hearts
                    Now laugh with their teeth
             Shake hands with their hearts
                    Now they only shake their hands      without hearts."

           Present time people wihout hearts.Here poet compare it with his time.death of culture and coming new things.poet criticized western way of living life.
           Title of the poem it was probably chosen by poet.as man the poem express his desirre to go, back in time and relearn life his child.


2)Mystic Drum
          This poem is written by Gabriel Okara. The Drum represents African culture. We can say that is connecting with heart beats of poetic persona. Lady who smile’s behind tree is signifies so many things. She is an outsider. Lady thinks that she has more rich culture, but in real sense the colonized won’t have their Own culture. In this poem we found that men, women and fishes are dancing on the bit of drum. It shows the connection of nature and humans, that they are dancing together. It also shows how powerful mystic drum is? The African culture is connected with nature, the mystic drum invokes the sun, the moon,the river, gods and the trees began to dance.

             " But standing behinnd a tree with
               leaves around her waist,
               She onlly smiled with a snake of her head".
             
                 But standing behind the tree  there an outsider who smiled with an air of indifference at the richness of their culture.
                 The outsider stands for western imperialism that has looked down upon anything eastern.
                the african culture is so much in tune with the nature the mystic drum invokes the sun, the moon,the river,the gods, and trees began to dance.
                The gape finally get bridged between humanity and nature ,animal world and human worlld fishes turned men annd men becomes fishes.
                But later as mystic drum stopped beating,men become men,fish become fish,life now becomes day. 
                Logical and mechanical thanks to  western scientific imperialism and everything found its place.


3) Where I to choose

      This poem is written by Gabriel Okara. Here poet tries to compare Adam and Black Negro man. Here poet also talks about generation gap. Adam is father and Cain is metaphorically represented new generation. He talks about the language.

        The red streams are suggests multilingual new generation. Poet compares Cain (son of Adam) with African man that Cain is wonderer and he doesn’t have any kind of aim in his life. He just wanders here and there without destination. Same man have not aim in their life. 

       Poet indirectly satirized modern men. The tower of Babel is symbol of unity. Because when tower is constructed, people wanted to this tower is a tower of oneness or unity. 

      But god gives them different languages and makes them different through language. The line “And O of this dark halo was the tired head free.” Poet tries to be free from this dark halo. 

                  

4)Dedication

         This poem is written by Wole Soyinka. This poem is kind of advice of new coming generation. Poet dedicated this poem to new born child. Poetic persona has deep sense of life, so he gives advice to new generation, how to live in this world. What to do and what not to do. We compare this poem with Mark Zukerburge’s letter to his new born baby.    

         In which he gives advice to his daughter and hope for better future of his daughter. Poetic persona gives both negative and positive advice to new generation. With the use of different images and metaphors he tries convey his message, like honey, scorpion, moon, sun, and many others. 

          Through this poem poet hope for better society, because his life's passed away but he thinks that his child makes society better. The child itself is dedication to society.

5) Telephonic conversations:

       This poem is written by ‘Wole Soyinka’. Poet deals with racism and relation of black and white people. Talk about first world country and third world country. A black man wont to perchance home (land) from white lady. There is telephonic conversation between them. Telephone is symbol of connecting people, it is tool of communication.  But here in poem it shows distance between two people and nation also. 

            Lady represents first world country and black man represent third world country (nation). Here we found Frantz Fanon’s concept of “Black skin and white Mask”. In this poem both are rich, necklace shows richness of lady and black man want to buy home so it shows richness of black man. But lady over power man because she represent or belongs to ‘first world nation’.  Lady is colonizer and man is colonized. Location place (home) white colony and for Negro man it is kind of achievement. In this poem we found that lady asked several question, like ‘where are you from? How dark? Are you light or very Dark? After this there is a deep silent. 

                 Silent suggest so many things. Silent is ill manner silent. Here we have one question that who is really dark? Black man gives self-confection, ‘I am African’ and many other things. Word use by man “Madam” is shows man gives respect to white lady. I’m not fully dark, don’t go with my color, and in this poem we found that man give his identity to that lady. 

                 But lady not give her identity. At the end of the poem there is one line, “About my ears-‘Madam,’ I pleaded, wouldn’t you rather See yourself?” it shows that what men think and mentality of white lady. When we look at this poem with post-colonial perspective, how white people feel superior and black people are inferior. What white people think about black people? That they are always bad and cruel, black people are barbaric, uncultured and uncivilized people. 

6) Refugee Mother and Child 

                     This poem is written by Chinua Achebe. First poet introduce statue of ‘Madonna’, and gives refrains of Jesus and his mother. But in this poem poet writes about the real mother and her child. What is the situation of the mother (African mother). Statue of Madonna is illusion of reality. Generally smile of mother is sweet but in the poem, mother’s smile is ghostly looking. Poet also says that mother’s heart is always tender. Mother’s smile is ‘Ghostly looking’ because her child is dead due to diarrhea. Here we found what the condition of African slave is. Mother, she is not able to take care of her child in such kind of illness.

    Theme:

 #Starvation

 # Love

 # caring

 # Pride

 # Death 

       
The description of mother taking care of her child is like she make child ready for school. But she makes ready her child for tiny grave. Here we found that death of motherhood also. She not sent her child to school but she sends her child for burial. If the child is belong to rich family, child get proper care. Here in the poem death of motherhood and child. 

7)New York

      This poem is written by Leopold Sedar Senghor. Here poet tries to show originality behind this glamour world of New York City. New York City is commercial capital of America.  Beauty of New York City is not warm but it has cold look. There is lake of humanity and feeling in city. Enjoyment of city is momentary only. The line “long-legged golden girls” it shows richness of the people (white people). The word ‘punch of Jaguar’ tell us about violence and cruelty inn city life. 
        The poet talks about “Blue Metallic eyes”. How people live life rather we can says lifelessness and many other connotation is here. 

             The use of the word ‘Frosty Smile’ this smile is smile of consumer’s society. The word skyscrapers, shows richness of city and also talks about the height of the same. In this poem there is one interesting line “lifting up Owl eyes in the Sun’s eclipse” here poet create atmosphere of night in the day. Owl and sun’s eclipse is the sign of something bad. In this poem we found “no child’s laughter” it means the father and mother have no time to play with their child. 

             Another thing is child’s laughter is innocent; this word suggests that there is no innocent laughter in the busy daily life. The ‘Drum’ represents African culture and spiritual pulse of African traditional life. Poet use lion the bull and the tree, this three things reflect so many things. 

            For example trees are cut down and started building factory’s and all other materialistic things. City becomes forest of cement and concretes. The word like “Black Blood” and “Oil of Life” it is paradoxical that the color of blood is read and it is necessary for life. Oil and blood are mixed with each other.

Cited: 

http://jasaninidhi2014-16.blogspot.in/2016/03/topiccritical-analysis-of-poems-african.html

 

Here i'm Sharing my Assignment Of The New Literature : The Theme Of Da vinci Code

Name : Dodiya Meghana j

Roll no : 11

Paper name : The New Literature

Email Id : mdodiya26@gmail.com

Submitted To : Department Of English. 

 To Evaluate my Assignment

Introduction:
 

                     The Da Vinci Code Is A 2003 Mystery-Detective Novel By Dan Brown. It Follows Symbolist Robert Langdon And Cryptologist Sophie Neveu After A Murder In The Louvre Museum In Paris, When They Become Involved In A Battle Between The Priory Of Sion And Opus Dei Over The Possibility Of Jesus Christ Having Been A Companion To Mary Magdalene. The Title Of The Novel Refers, Among Other Things, To The Finding Of The First Murder Victim In The Grand Gallery Of The Louvre, Naked And Posed Similar To Leonardo Da Vinci's Famous Drawing, The Vitruvian Man, With A Cryptic Message Written Beside His Body And A Pentacle Drawn On His Chest In His Own Blood.

                            The Novel Explores An Alternative Religious History, Whose Central Plot Point Is That The Merovingian Kings Of France Were Descended From The Bloodline Of Jesus Christ And Mary Magdalene, Ideas Derived From Clive Prince's The Templar Revelation (1997) And Books By Margaret Starbird. The Book Also Refers To The Holy Blood And The Holy Grail (1982) Though Dan Brown Has Stated That It Was Not Used As Research Material.

# Search For Truth Is Timeless:

                                             The Question Of Whether Christ And Mary Magdalene Were Married Is About As Old As The Christian Church. The Search Of The Truth Is About This Subject Is Timeless And Has Permeated Lore For Thousands Of Years. As The Success Of Dan Brown’s Book Proves, It Is Still A Great Question. The Millions Of Readers Are Interested In The Quest For The Truth On This Subject As Well As The Characters Of The Book. Robert Langdon And Sir Teabing, Two Of The Main Characters, Have Devoted Their Lives To The Quest For The Truth About The Holy Grail. Although Their Motives Become Very Different, The Two Men Have Made The Search For The Holy Grail A Central Point Of Their Lives And Careers.

                       Throughout The Course Of The Book, The Reader Learns, Through Langdon And Teabing About The Historic Quest For Truth Throughout The Ages. They Discuss The Church’s Suppression Of The Truth And The Formation Of The Priory Of Sion To Protect The Truth And Quietly Pass It Down To Generation To Generation. In The End, Langdon And Neveu’s Quest For The Truth Rewarded When Langdon Learns The Location And Truth About The Holy Grail And Sophie Learns The Truth About Her Family And Heritage. However, Teabing’s And Aringarosa’s Quest Goes Un Requited.

Themes:

#The False Conflict Between Faith And Knowledge:

       Dan Brown Refuses To Accept The Idea That Faith In God Is Rooted In Ignorance Of The Truth. The Ignorance That The Church Has Sometimes Advocated Is Embodied In The Character Of Bishop Aringarosa, Who Does Not Think The Church Should Be Involved In Scientific Investigation. According To The Da Vinci Code, The Church Has Also Enforced Ignorance About The Existence Of The Descendants Of Jesus. Although At One Point In The Novel Langdon Says That Perhaps The Secrets Of The Grail Should Be Preserved In Order To Allow People To Keep Their Faith, He Also Thinks That People Who Truly Believe In God Will Be Able To Accept The Idea That The Bible Is Full Of Metaphors, Not Literal Transcripts Of The Truth. People’s Faith, In Other Words, Can Withstand The Truth.

#The Subjectivity Of History:

                  The Da Vinci Code Raises The Question Of Whether History Books Necessarily Tell The Only Truth. The Novel Is Full Of Reinterpretations Of Commonly Told Stories, Such As Those Of Jesus’ Life, The Pentacle, And The Da Vinci Fresco The Last Supper. Brown Provides His Own Explanation Of How The Bible Was Compiled And Of The Missing Gospels. Langdon Even Interprets The Disney Movie The Little Mermaid, Recasting It As An Attempt By Disney To Show The Divine Femininity That Has Been Lost. All Of These Retellings Are Presented As At Least Partly True.

#The Intelligence Of Women:

        Characters In The Da Vinci Code Ignore The Power Of Women At Their Peril. Throughout The Novel Shophie Is Underestimated. She Is Able To Sneak Into The Louvre And Give Langdon A Secret Message, Saving Him From Arrest, Because Fache Does Not Believe Her To Be Capable Of Doing Her Job. Fache Specifically Calls Sophie A “Female Cryptologist” When He Is Expressing His Doubts About Sophie And Langdon’s Ability To Evade Interpol. When Interpreting One Of The Clues Hidden In The Rose Box, Langdon And Teabing Leave Sophie Out, Completely Patronizing Her. When She Is Finally Allowed To See The Clue, She Immediately Understands How To Interpret It. Sophie Saves Langdon From Arrest Countless Times.

           Other Women Are Similarly Underestimated. Sister Sandrine, In The Church Of Saint-Sulpice, Is A Sentry For The Brotherhood, But Silas, Indoctrinated In The Hypermasculine Ways Of Opus Dei, Does Not Consider Her A Threat. And Marie Chauvel, Sophie’s Grandmother, Manages To Live Without Incident Near Rosslyn Chapel For Years, Preserving Her Bloodline Through Sophie’s Brother.

# Christianity V/S Paganism:

                                           A Central Theme To The Da Vinci Code Is The Similarities And Differences And Its Influences Upon Each Other Of Christianity And Paganism. Throughout The Book, The Author Provides A History Of The Influences That Paganism Had On The Early Christian Church And How Those Influences Have Prevailed Throughout History. The Book Also Discusses The Power That Paganism Had Over The Early Christian Church And The Eventual Power That The Christian Church Gained Over Paganism To Force The Suppression Of Many Of The Pagan Practices, Including Goddess Worship And Nature Worship.

   #Power Of The Roman Catholic Church:

                                                      

                                                        Another  Underlying  Theme Throughout The Book Is The Power Of The Vatican And The Roman Catholic Church On The World Wide Stage .Through Their Research, Robert Langdon And Sir Teabing  Have Learned, And Discuss Numerous Times Throughout The Book, How The Church Has Suppressed The Truth About The Mary Magdalene. They Discuss How The Church, Throughout History, Has Suppressed The Truth Through Edicts And Even Violence.

             This Theme Is One That Underlies The Teacher’s Motive For Finding The Grail. He Believes That The Church Had Pressured Sauniere And The Leadership Of The Priory Of Sion To Continue Hiding The Truth About Jesus And Mary Magdalene So He Takes It Upon Himself To Seek To Un Earth The Holy Grail Himself. 

              The Power Of The Church Is Proven When The Vatican Leaders Are Able To Pay The Bishop 20 Million In Vatican Bonds To Keep Him Quite. The Power And Influence Of Catholic Organizations, Such As Opus Dei, Also Shows Case The Power Of The Church.

Cited:

Http://Anerithakar011213.Blogspot.In/2014/03/Major-Themes-In-Da-Vinci-Code.Html

Http://Www.Sparknotes.Com/Lit/Davincicode/Themes.Html

my presentation sem-3

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Name-Dodiya Meghana
Paper-(9) The Modernist Literature
TOpic-Theme and Symbols( The Birthday Party)

Theme and Symbols ( The Birthday Party) from MEGHANA DODIYA

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Name- Dodiya Meghana
Paper-(10) American Literature
Topic-Santiago as a Tragic hero with reference to Aristotle's poetics ( Hamartia)

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Name-Dodiya Meghana
Paper-(11) Postcolonial Literature
Topic-The character of Caliban in "The Tempest" and " A Tempest"

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Paper-(12) English Teaching Language
Topic-Structural Approach and Functional Approach

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Here I am sharing my assignment of American literature

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Name:Dodiya Meghana j.

Roll No: 11

Paper no: 10

Year -2016-17

Paper name: American literature

Topic: Theme of Mourning becomes Electra

Email ID: mdodiya26@gmail.com

Submitted to: Department of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University



# Introduction:

             O'Neill was an Irish American playwright and nobel Lauratee in literature.He was born 16,octomber,1888.mourning becoes electra play written by Eugene o'neill.Mourning becomes electra is extraordianarily lengthy for a drama.Chracters from the
ancient Greek play.Fruedian perspective.published in 1931.

#His Masterpiece:
- A long day journey into night(1917)
- Beyond the Horizon(1920)
- Anna Christie(1922)

#Mourning Becomes Electra:

     "Mourning Becomes Electra", a trilogy by O' Neil, is the recreation of Greek tragic play "Oresteia". The play, giving rise to the grave psychological debates over human nature and sexual urges, was then written by the legend playwright
Aeschylus.

            
   In the lines of Sigmund Freud's "Oedipus Complex", the play features murder, incest and revenge. "Mourning Becomes Electra" can be called a modern tragedy of "Oresteia" where Neil has not only changed the names of characters as well as the story but also altered the prime Greek belief that human actions and destiny are modelled and moulded by fate.
             Though they are influenced by fate to a certain extent, yet O' Neil's characters are to be held responsible personally for their psychological problems and immoral sexual impudence. "Home Coming" is the first part of the trilogy of "Mourning Becomes Electra".

#The Evil Of Love self:

#Psychological Element:
• Sigmund Frued:


 
#Theme of Mourning Becomes Electra:

  -Definition: The Electra cpmplex is a psychoanalyticterm used to describe a girls sense of competition with her mother for the affection of her father.It is comparable to the Oedipus complex.
-Lavini a represent as Electra
-orin represent the oedipus complex

#Theme of Oedipus complex:
 #Background :

•  Greek mythological character oedipus
•  Unwittingly kills his father...
• Laiusmarries his mother...Jocasta

• A play based on the myth.Oedipus rex was written by sophocles.

   With "Oedipus Complex", Sigmund Freud originated the theory that children of ages up to 5 are sexually desirous of the parent of opposite gender. During this phase, the kids respond with a certain level of jealousy and rivalry.
          The Mannon family becomes subject to Oedipus complex when the selfish mother, Christine, fails to fulfil her motherly duties and the children are subject to certain psychological fixations leading to Oedipus complex or even Electra complex.
           Lavinia is the prime victim of this fixation whereas Orin is also no exception to this complex. Both of them suffer and ruin their lives under the influence of this complex.


#Theme Of Hatred:

        The whole family is ruined just because of the hatred of Christine towards her husband and then on its turn to her own children. Under such a deep emotion of hatred, she drives her daughter away from her. Lavinia "was born of" her mother's "disgust" of her father, the man she hated. Lavinia explains the horrors of her childhood:
     "ever since I was little--when I used to come to you--with love--but you would always push me away! I've felt it ever since I can remember--your disgust!"
         Christine also admits that she is the wife of a man she badly hates. Christine blames Lavinia of play treachery on her own mother: "I've watched you ever since you were little, trying to do exactly what you're doing now! You've tried to become the wife of your father and the mother of Orin! You've always schemed to steal my place!".

#Theme Of Incest:

"Mourning Becomes Electra" is a tale of incest and sexual encounters between different characters of the play with no regard to age or gender.
       Lavinia is having a sexual relationship with Adam while she is in a near incestuous relationship with her son Orin. On the other hand, Lavinia is seeking an incestuous relationship with her father and cannot allow her brother, Orin, to escape from under her influence over to Hazel.

#Theme of Family:

       Mourning Becomes Electra is a family Drama and this is one seriously twisted family,locked in repetitive and compulsive patterns that bring down everyone named Mannon and some  people who aren't.
      O'Neill presents the family as doomed to repeat the relationship that started the cycle of deception and revenge .He seems to suggest that certain character traits run in families ,and that some patterns are just inescapable.
      All families have conflicts, of course; just think back on your own past 24 hours. But chances are they won't have involved murder, suicide, or incest. These Mannons have it all. Even the Civil War, which provides the historical backdrop for the story, was a sad family affair. Brothers fought and killed brothers, families were divided. The war mirrors the horrible events taking place on a smaller scale in our dysfunctional family.

#Theme of Lies and deceit:

    There are lies about everything: parentage, love affairs, murder plots, who said what, who did what. Most of the lies are quite intentional, and they're aimed at protecting someone or some secret. Christine's definitely the best liar of the bunch.
      Her bold-faced lies to her husband and children make it hard for her to keep her story straight. Orin has the most trouble lying; he's too disorganized and disturbed to do much else than spill his guts. O'Neill makes it clear that the most dangerous kind of lying is lying to yourself. It leaves you wide open to a world of misery.

#Theme of Sex and lust:

           The "original sin" in this trilogy is one of lust: David Mannon's illicit affair with the family's French Canadian nurse. (You know those Canadians—no self control, right?) This affair haunts the Mannon family and sets in motion all the revenge and murder that follows.
           Conflict about sexual desire is what destroys Ezra and Christine's marriage and leads them to seek comfort in really inappropriate attachments to their children.
          There's constant friction in the trilogy between sexual repression and sexual longing. Reading these plays as someone not born in the 1800s, you might wonder what the big deal is. Is adultery a capital offense?
         Is it really shocking to be a sensual person? O'Neill's giving us a peek into a society where sex is best kept under wraps, where being a sexy person gets you labeled as strange or foreign. The result of all this repression is an explosion of twisted sexuality, in the form of incestuous feelings which ultimately destroy the Mannon family. In fact, most of the sex (or sexual desire) in these plays are between parents and children, or people who represent parents and children.

#Theme of death:

     Death hangs over Mourning Becomes Electra like a black curtain. It's everywhere—the title's about mourning, the characters are emotionally dead, the house is a tomb, the shadow of the war haunts the male characters, there are two murders, and suicide seems to be the coping strategy du jour.
     Death seems to be chasing everybody in the Mannon family, and it catches up to all of them one way or another. O'Neill seems to suggest throughout the play that a living death, tortured by guilt or with no human feeling or connection, can be worse than the real thing.

#Theme of fate:

mourning becomes Electra largely regarded as american Tragedy.charactersin tragedy are fated or destined.In Greek and shakespearen tragedies fate play very vital role.The tension between puritalism and freedom pride,love,death,and life.The family fate of the new England mannons is ancestral,not limited to one gneration.There is no super natural agency,employedby the dramatist to create page.

#Theme of supernatural:

            O'Neill uses the supernatural like some kind of ghost-story ninja, using it to talk about guilt and remorse, madness and fear, salvation and damnation, and a whole lot of other really heavy ideas.
           He said his goal was to achieve a "power and drive and the strange quality of unreal reality I wanted […] attained without benefit of the supernatural. The Mannons are haunted as much by  the memories of their own actions as by the (imagined) spirits of their dead.
      The title of the last play—The Haunted—is spot-on. Even if O'Neill intends the haunting to be a metaphor, the feeling of unreality is definitely there.

#Conclusion:

   In this play so many differnt theme are used and with concept of Oedipus complex .In Mourning becomes Electra..where ..Mr.O'neill's interpretation of freud's theory of psychoanalysis is a totlly disater.Ezra and orin are away..as a turning point in the developement of the oedipus complex and electra complex.


#Cited:

 http://www.risenotes.com/electra/Mourning-Becomes-Electra-themes-and-topics.php

http://www.shmoop.com/mourning-becomes-electra/themes.html

http://www.slideshare.net/thakaraneri/paper-10-the-mourning-becomes-electra


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Here I am.sharing my assignment of post-colonial literature

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Name: Dodiya Meghana j.

Semester: - 3

Roll no: - 11

Year: - 2016-17

Paper No: - 11

Paper Name: - The Postcolonial Literature

Topic: - Salman Rushdie's Essay

Email ID:- mdodiya26@gmail.com

Submitted to: - Department of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

1.Hobson-Jobson:

         #Introduction:

     

         Ahemad salman Rushdie  was born on june 19,1947 in bBombay.He is Kashmiri genre is magic realism,satire and postcolonialism.he is famouse for his essay and novel.

# Salman Rushdie's Work:
• The satanic verses
• Haroun and the sea of stories
• JoshepAnton:A memoir
• The Round beneath her feet
• The Moor's last singh
• The Enchantrees of Horence
• ImaginaryHomelands

#Rushdie's Problem:
• The migrant
• A muslim India
• An India in pakistan
• A Brown man in Britain

#Rushdie Compares:
• Migration to translation

   # Meaning and Origin of Hobson-Jobson:
            The shorter title of “Hobson-Jobson:A glossary of colloquialAnglo-Indian words and phrase,and of kindred terms,Etymological,Historical,Geographical,and discursive...''.The  british Empire ,many pundits now agree ,descended like a juggement upon the barbicans of the East,in seach loot.The moguls of the raj went in palanquins,smoking cheroots,to sip toddy or sherbet on the verandahs of the gymkhana club,while the memesahibs fretted about the thugs in bandannas and dungarees who roamed the night like pariahs,plotting ghoulish deeds.
           All the highlights words in the above paragraph can be fond,with their Estern family trees,in Hobson-Jobson,the legendary dictionary of British india.

#Testimony:
• Rushdie considers the matter of dictionary like this-''These thousand-odd pages bear eloquent testimony to the unparalled Intermingling..''

#Hobson-Jobson is:
• A historical dictionaryof Anglo-Indian words.
• Terms from indian languages.

#Essay Hobson-Jobson:
           First publish in 1886,edited by william crooke in 1903.Hols over 2000words.Salman Rushdie talks about mix word in his essay Hobson-Jobson.he talks about Marathi,Hindi,Gujarati,and snskrit based in English words.E.g.
              # Shampoo- Champoo
              #Massage  -Chapna
  This essay Rushdie tells us how a dictionary with indian words for colonizer use come into existence coversing face to face with us.English and Indian languages words mingled with each other.

#The chief interest on Hobson-Jobson:
             The chief interest of Hobson-Jobson in the richness of what one must call the Anglo-Indian language whose memorial it is,that languge which was in regular usejust forty years ago and which is now dead.
          In Anglo-Indian jam was a Gujarati chief,a sneaker was 'a largecup(or samll basin) with a saucerand cover',a guinea-pig was a midshipman on an India-bound boat,an owl was disease,Macheen was not aspelling mistek but a name ,abbereviated from'Maha-cheen',for 'great china'.Even a commonplace word like cheese was transformed.The Hindi chiz,meaning a thing,gave the English word new,slangy sense  of 'anything good,first rate in quality,genuine,pleasent or advantageous'as,we are told,in the phrase,'these cheroots are the real cheese'.
       

                  Some of the distortions of indian words-'perhaps by vluger
lips'-have moved along way from their sources.it takes an effort of the will to see,in the Anglo-Indian snowrapee,meaning Authority,the  telugu word tsanauvu.The dictionary's own title,chosen,we are told ,to help it sell,is of this type.It originates in crises of ya hasan!ya hasan!uttered byshia muslims during the Muharram processions.
        The Anglo-Indian word poggle,a madman,comes from the Hindi pogal,and we're offered the following 'macaronic adage which we fear the non-indian will fail to appreciate:pagal et pecunia jalde separantur:( A fool and his money are soon parted)

#British India had absorbed some indian words like:
• Jadoogars- Sorcerers
• Puckerow- Look out
• Samjao-To make understand
• Kubberdaur-khabardar.
                   Strang,then ,to find certain well-known words missing.No kaffir,no gully,not even,although there is wog,a Baloch or Sindhi word meaning either loot or a heard of camels.Rushdie thought that a modern appendix might usefully be comissioned,to include the many English words which have taken on,in independent india,new “Hinglish' meanings.In india today,the prisoner  in the dock is the  undertrial;a boss is often an incharge;and ,in a sinister euphemism,those who perish at the hands of law enforcement officer areheld to have died in a 'police encounter'.
              The Term 'law of Hobson-Jobson'is sometimes used in linguistic to refer to the process of phonological change by which are adap.

2.Attenborough's Gandhi:

             

              Defication is an indian disease,the reason say salman rushdie might be viewing Gandhi as a spiritual mystical person.He view that when he saw this movie that time he found that Attenborough unfortunately saw the image of Gandhi as a christ  and comparison with christ .And we can say that Gandhi is a spiritual person.

#Why should  an Englishman want to deify Gandhi?
#The writer gives three board heading:

• First,the exotic impulse,the wish too see india as the fountainhead of spiritual-mystical wisdom.

• Second ,there is what might be termed the,chritian longing,for a'leader'dedicated to ideals of poverty and simplicity,a man who is too good for this word and is therefore sacrificed on the altars history.

• Third,there is the liberal-conservative political desire to hear it said that revolutions can,and should,be made purely by submisson,and self-sacrifice,and non-violence alone.

      To make gandhi appeal to the western market,he had to be sanctifide and turned into christ-an odd fate for crafty Gujarati-lawyer-and the history of one of the century's greatest revolutions had to be mangled.This is nothing new.Thebritish have been mangling indian history for centuries.

#About the film:
• In the essay “Attenborough's Gandhi' in which salman Rushdie talks about the movie 'Gandhi'.

• The film is about a biography,not apolitical work.Even if one aspects this distinction,one must reply that a biography,it is not turn into hagiography(see only one side) aspect of the subjects as well as loveable side.

• Attenborough's Gandhi-essay deals with the indian called Mohandas karamchand Gandhi.

#Why these character are absent?:
First of all,why they have chosen Gandhi?not any other patriotic figure or spiritual figure like sardar patel?subhasbose?why not tagore?

                                         

                The film's makers answer that itwould have been impossible to include everything and everyone,and of course selection is central to any work of art.But artistic selection creates meaning,and in Gandhi these are frequently dubious and in some cases frighteningly naive.

#Amritsar massacre:
• There are many powerfull sequencein the  film.for example the amritrsar massarin court material an Englishman ask the question abot jalianwala bagh to dyer.
• The scene say that his actions were those of a cruel and immidiately after condemned by Anglo-Indian.
• And when he returned to england he was given a heroic welcome.an appeal fund launched on his behalf made him a rich man.
• Tagore disgusted by the Britishreaction to the massacre,returned his knighthood.
          In the caseof Amritsar,artistic selection has altered the meaning of event.it is an unforgivable distortion.
         
#Assination of Gandhi:
• In a political thriller,this would be merely crass;in Gandhiit is something worse.
• Gandhi was murderd by nathuram godse,he was a Hindu nationalist activist from pune,and ex-member of rashtriya,swayamsevak sangh(RSS).
• He was pre-eminent leader of indian nationalism  in british-ruled india and apostle of non-violence.
• He was the role assassin of Gandhi,shooting him in the chest three times at paint blank range on30 january,1948 in new delhi.
             Gandhi presents false portraits of most of the leaders of the independence struggle.Patel comes across as a clown,whereas he was one of the hardest of hard men.And it was witty to portray jinnah as count dracula.but the important changes are in the personality of Nehruand in the decisionto erase Bose from History.
             In both cases,dramatic interest has been sacrificed in the interests of deification.Nehru was not Gandhi's disciple.They were equals,and they argued fiercely.Their debate was central to the freedom movement-Nehru,the urban sophisticate who wanted to industrialize india,to bring it into the modern age,versus the rural,handicraft-loving,sometimes medieval figure of Gandhi;the country lived this debate,and it had to choose.India chose Gandhi with its heart,but terms of practical political,it chose nehru.One can understand nothing about the nature of india's independence unless oneunderstands the conflict between these two great men.The film,by turning nehru into Bapuji's acolyte,manages to crastrate itsef.
• Subhas chandra bose has viewed as a violent man violent man like guerrilla,supporting japanese,fighting with britishers.there is one more controversial example regarding gaining freedom without unarmed.
        All devotees of unintentional comedy will relish the scenes in Gandhi in which Bapu re-enacts his marriage for the benefit of a western journalist;in which one man's hunger strike pacifies a rioting calcutta,and repentant hooligans promise Gandhi that they will adopt Muslim orphan children.
        What it is,is an incredibly expensive movie about a man who was dedicated to the samll scale and to asceticism .The form of the film,opulent,lavish,overpowers and finally crushes the man at its centre,in spite of BenKingsley's luminous performance .It is as if Gandhi ,years after his death,has found in Attenborough the last in his series of billionaire patrons,his last Birla.And rich men like emperors,have always had a weakness for tame holy men,for saint.

#Conclusion:
              We can say that salman rushdie has written an artical about 'Attenborough's Gandhi' in which he has indicated about Gandhi and also made criticism on him.He write not only good things but he also write about nathuram godse and other all the thing.Thus,Rushdie has gives his views about Attenborough's film and at end ,he writes that a every significant line.

Cited:

http://www.slideshare.net/RaviBhaliya/attenboroughs-gandhi-salman-rushdie

http://www.slideshare.net/bhatturvi/urvip-11?qid=f6a7c298-886e-47e7-9fb7-fbaccb469671&v=&b=&from_search=3

http://www.slideshare.net/kishan8282/brief-overview-on-hobson-jobson?qid=f6a7c298-886e-47e7-9fb7-fbaccb469671&v=&b=&from_search=2

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